AsianFin -- The economic relationship between Europe and the United States is once again under strain, as the European Union stands firm on its digital regulatory framework amid mounting threats from the U.S. government.
Hanna Virkkunen, Executive Vice President of the European Commission in charge of technology sovereignty, on Monday took to social media to assert that the EU’s Digital Services Act (DSA) and Digital Markets Act (DMA) are the bloc’s “sovereign legislation,” emphasizing that they would continue to be enforced. Virkkunen stressed that the laws are non-discriminatory and apply to all online platforms operating within the EU.
On the same day, Virkkunen sent a letter to Jim Jordan, Chairman of the U.S. House Judiciary Committee, clarifying that the EU’s digital legislation does not have extraterritorial effect. However, she noted that any company providing services within the EU—regardless of where it is headquartered—would be subject to EU regulation.
The tensions trace back to August 26, when U.S. President Donald Trump warned countries implementing digital regulations or digital services taxes that the U.S. could impose additional tariffs on their exports and restrict exports of high-tech products, including semiconductors. Sources familiar with the matter indicate that the Trump administration is considering sanctions against EU and member state officials driving the implementation of the DMA.
Responding to U.S. pressure, European Commission Vice President Teresa Ribera urged the EU to “respond bravely” and resist yielding to external threats. Ribera warned that protecting the EU’s regulatory framework could require abandoning elements of the trade agreement reached with the Trump administration.
The timing complicates an already difficult EU-U.S. trade negotiation. The digital regulation dispute has intensified transatlantic economic tensions and may introduce new uncertainties into the EU-U.S. trade framework.
The Digital Services Tax: A Flashpoint
The core of the dispute lies in the digital services tax, a levy on revenue generated from online services such as advertising, e-commerce, and search platforms. Several European countries, including France, Italy, Spain, and the U.K., have implemented these taxes, typically at rates between 2% and 3%.
Trump’s criticism, though not explicitly naming the EU, clearly targeted European countries. American tech companies, with their linguistic and market advantages, dominate Europe’s digital economy. European firms, in contrast, struggle to compete globally, leaving U.S. tech giants like Google, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft to siphon revenue while minimizing tax liabilities through favorable jurisdictions such as Ireland.
The EU has responded with antitrust investigations and fines, culminating in the DSA and DMA, which designate certain companies as “gatekeepers.” These rules impose fines of up to 10% of global annual turnover for violations and up to 20% for repeated infractions. By setting standards for data protection, transparency, and competition, the EU is challenging the dominance of U.S. tech companies while asserting digital sovereignty.
“The digital services tax is not a new conflict—it reflects a deeper economic policy divide between the U.S. and Europe,” said an industry analyst. While the U.S. prioritizes low taxes and market freedom, Europe emphasizes data sovereignty and regulatory standards.
For Trump, the EU’s digital regulations are less about governance and more about threatening American competitiveness. The move is consistent with his “America First” agenda, which has previously pressured countries like Canada to withdraw similar measures under threat of economic retaliation.
Reports suggest Trump’s focus on the digital services tax is linked to Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg. During a recent White House meeting, Zuckerberg discussed U.S. infrastructure investment and regulatory frustrations, venting concerns over EU policies. In April, the European Commission fined Meta €200 million for violating the DMA, illustrating the high stakes for American companies.
Europe’s AI and digital regulations further complicate matters. In July, the EU introduced a voluntary “AI Code of Conduct” for general-purpose AI models, emphasizing transparency, copyright compliance, and safety. While companies such as Google, Microsoft, and OpenAI agreed to participate, Meta refused, citing “legal ambiguity” and “overregulation.”
Meta’s resistance has found an unusual ally in the White House. Despite previous tensions between Trump and Zuckerberg, the two have aligned over mutual interests, particularly in countering EU regulatory measures. This convergence has elevated corporate complaints into broader geopolitical conflict, with the U.S. government implicitly supporting Silicon Valley’s stance.
Most U.S. tech companies have chosen Ireland as their European headquarters, benefiting from its 12.5% corporate tax rate. This has frustrated countries like the U.K. and France, which host significant user bases yet receive minimal tax revenue. The digital services tax aims to address this imbalance, though tech firms have mitigated its impact by passing costs onto advertisers, consumers, and developers.
For instance, in the U.K., the 2% tax on digital revenues generated £360 million in its first year, below the anticipated £500 million. While the EU initially planned to include digital tax revenues in its 2028–2034 budget, they were later removed due to trade negotiation deadlock. The EU remains intent on reshaping digital economy rules, but implementation challenges and the lack of large homegrown tech companies constrain its effectiveness.
Europe faces a relative economic decline compared with the U.S. In 2008, the EU’s GDP exceeded the U.S. by 13.5%. By 2024, it had fallen to less than two-thirds of the U.S. economy. “Stagnation” in European growth has left policymakers with limited leverage in negotiations. Industrial relocation policies promoted by the Trump administration, combined with capital constraints for emerging technologies, have further weakened Europe’s bargaining position.
To regain influence, Europe is betting on artificial intelligence. At the Paris AI Summit, the EU unveiled a €200 billion plan to build five AI “super factories” and launch the “Apply AI” initiative to advance industrial AI applications. Additionally, Europe is deepening cooperation with China, shifting from a “de-risking” approach to viewing Beijing as a “necessary partner” for technological advancement, standard-setting, and industrial application.
Yet despite ambitious plans, Europe’s track record of turning strategy into execution remains uncertain. Compared with U.S. tech giants, Europe’s leverage is limited, and the most likely outcome under U.S. pressure may be further concessions.
The transatlantic dispute over digital regulation underscores the intersection of technology, trade, and geopolitics. The EU seeks to protect its sovereignty, assert regulatory standards, and reclaim revenue from U.S. tech giants. The U.S., in turn, leverages economic pressure to safeguard its companies’ competitive edge.
With AI, data sovereignty, and digital taxation shaping the next wave of global economic influence, both sides face a high-stakes balancing act. For now, the EU’s response is firm in rhetoric, but history suggests compromise under pressure may once again define the transatlantic relationship.
